Have you listened to the sounds of birds? Timucua traditional spiritual practices and Spanish religious suppression

The 1613 Confessionario en lengua castellana y timuquana con unos consejos para animar al penitente is one of the earliest books ever published in a Native language of the United States. It is composed of a Spanish language confessional with a parallel set of questions and answers in Timucua, the Native language of much of North Florida. However, it has been noted since at least the 1970s that the confessional contains a very significant section on Native religious practices in a section entitled “Superstitions.” Prior historical and anthropological research has cited the 1613 Confessionario extensively, but based solely on translations of the Spanish side of the text. Based on new developments in the study of the Timucua language, it is now possible to construct a new translation of the Native side of this book.